Oliveira, P., 1997. O projecto do genoma humano. Anais da Universidade de Évora 7, 127-143.

• Alguns ii para lhes colocarmos os pontos
• Fases e crises do projecto
• As ferramentas: necessidade de mapas físicos, o mapa anatómico do genoma, engenharia da sequenciação e bioinformática
• Digerindo as perplexidades e inventando
• O genoma humano não é de ninguém
• Não é mesmo de ninguém!
• A Torre de Babel
• Notas

Pinho-Almeida, F., Basílio, C., Oliveira, P., 1999. Inventory of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with a «relic» holm-oak tree (Quercus rotundifolia) in two successive winters. Documents Mycologiques 115, 57-68.

Keywords: Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, ectomycorrhizal fungi, Quercus rotundifolia, Portugal.

Holm-oak (Quercus rotundifolia), either as forests or as seminatural stands (the "montado" systems), occupies a vast area of land in Portugal, forming an important ecological and economical reserve that remains very little studied. A «relic» tree of this species, left from a montado stand that was replaced by cereals decades ago and now surrounded by Eucalyptus globulus, was visited during two winter carpophore fruiting seasons to scrutinize the ectomycorrhizal species associated with its root system. The sampled sporophores were identified and mapped relative to the oak trunk. Of thirty nine different higher fungi that have been tentatively identified after four gatherings, twenty nine were probably ectomycorrhizal. Russula sp. (a total of ten species) dominated in the first gathering of each season while Lactarius cremor and Helvella lacunosa dominated in the second of the first and second season, respectively. Practically none of the holm oak-associated mutualistic or facultative species were found in the surrounding Eucalyptus plantation. This study will be continued and extended to other locations in the long term, in order to provide data on the ecology of the holm oak ectomycorrhizal associates and to support the molecular identification of fungal isolates obtained from holm oak ectomycorrhizas.

Oliveira, P., 1999. A utilização de Arabidopsis thaliana no ensino. Brotéria Genética XX (XCV), 5-62.

1. Preâmbulo
2. Morfologia e fisiologia
• Escolha das sementes
• Germinação e emergência das plântulas
• Desenvolvimento vegetativo
• Desenvolvimento dos eixos florais
• Polinização
• Frutos
3. Genética
• Populações naturais
• Mutagénese
• Transformação genética e exploração do genoma
4. Agradecimentos
5. Formulário e protocolos
• Fórmulas de agar
• Fórmulas de soluções nutritivas
• Protocolos de esterilização de sementes
6. Referências
• Bibliografia
• World Wide Web

Oliveira, P., 2002. Consanguinidade em Plantas. Revista de Ciências Agrárias 25: 5-27.

Nesta revisão sobre consanguinidade em plantas parte-se do conceito (genealógico) de identidade por descendência e do cálculo de coeficientes de parentesco, para em seguida rever conceitos a nível populacional, através das duas perspectivas do parâmetro F de medida de consanguinidade: a de um coeficiente de fixação, que traduz o afastamento em relação ao modelo de Hardy-Weinberg das distribuições genotípicas nas populações reais, pelo facto de não serem infinitamente grandes; e a de correlação entre gâmetas, que entra em linha de conta com factores (como mutação, migração e selecção) que podem compensar a fixação de genes e assim fazer populações finitas parecerem estar de acordo com esse modelo. Exemplificam-se ainda os cálculos de identidade e diversidade genética nas populações. Analisam-se as bases genéticas e fisiológicas da depressão de consanguinidade (a redução de fitness frequentemente observada em indivíduos consanguíneos), e referem-se as implicações destes conceitos em aplicaçÃãµeés como a gestão de recursos genéticos e melhoramento de plantas.

Oliveira, P., Barriga, J., Cavaleiro, C., Peixe, A., Potes, A. Z., 2003. Sustained in vitro root development obtained in Pinus pinea inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Forestry 76, 579-587.

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is an economically important forest tree in Mediterranean climates and has been the target for selection efforts through micropropagation. Previous attempts on microshoots derived from mature seed cotyledons reached incipient rooting after induction with a combination of auxin and hypertonic shock, but their development in vitro was not sustained. At this stage, co-culturing plantlets with fungi isolated from ectomycorrhizas succeeded in overcoming this barrier, enabling the satisfactory development in vermiculite and later in soil. About half of the fungal isolates tested helped the plants resume root growth. Although control plants (in the absence of fungi) were found to develop roots during the post transplanting acclimation in vermiculite, their growth was weaker. The root systems of some inoculated plants had ectomycorrhizas from the introduced fungi being carried over when the plants were transferred from the co-cultures to vermiculite. In conclusion, co-culturing rooted microshoots with ectomycorrhizal fungi can be an effective means to overcome the difficulties encountered in the use of micropropagation methods on this species.

Oliveira, P., Custódio, A. C., Branco, C., Reforço, I., Rodrigues, F., Varela, M. C., Meierrose, C., 2003. Hybrids between cork oak and holm oak: Isoenzyme analysis. For. Gen. 10: 283-298.

Hybrids between cork oak and holm oak occur in a large range of overlap between these two species in Portugal, and the subsequent crosspollination involving the hybrids and cork oak has been postulated to result in some of the worst cork-producing trees in Portugal. A methodological framework was set for the routine large scale detection of hybrid genotypes using isoenzyme analysis. The effectiveness of isoenzyme markers enabling the discrimination of the hybrid trees from both parent species was probed on the nursery-grown progenies derived from reference "pure" populations, selected mixed stands and hybrid individuals. No spontaneous hybrid was detected among 1141 seedlings originating in the mixed stands, thus suggesting that the incidence of hybridization is quite low. The seedlings derived from 3 hybrids confirmed that the discriminant isoenzyme loci recombined and segregated the parental types, and a strong preference for mating with cork oak in two of these hybrids was suggested. A substantial increase of the fixation index F within a single generation for the polymorphic cork oak phosphoglucose isomerase locus may indicate that a significant proportion of seedlings derive from short-range pollen, a factor that might weigh on the formation of hybrids between these two species.

Oliveira, P., Silva, C. S., Calado, M. L., Silva, R. R., 2006. Diversidade de macrofungos na comparação entre tipos de exploração florestal. Actas do VII Congresso Luso-Galaico de Macromicologia, UTAD, Vila Real, 13-15 de Outubro de 2005. Anais da Associação Micológica «A Pantorra» 6:75-90.

Resumo: O estudo da diversidade de macrofungos nos ecossistemas florestais é dificultado pela parcimónia com que muitas espécies frutificam e pelos imprevistos que surgem ao longo dos anos. O presente estudo é a primeira implementação duma abordagem comparativa, baseada na observação em paralelo de parcelas representativas de diferentes modelos de povoamento (sobreiral de referência, com agricultura ou com pastagem, pinhal, misto). Da amostragem de 94 espécies feita na Primavera e Outono de 2003 no concelho de Chamusca, verificou-se que a diversidade de macrofungos era relativamente baixa nos modelos com agricultura ou pastagem - neste último praticamente sem frutificação de espécies ectomicorrízicas, predominantes em todos os outros modelos. As parcelas mistas não apresentaram esporóforos característicos de pinhal, antes parecendo uma réplica dos sobreirais de referência. A maior parte das espécies não eram partilhadas entre modelos de povoamento, sugerindo que um maior número de parcelas permite, em prazo curto, captar mais eficientemente a diversidade existente.

Macrofungi Diversity As a Measure of Comparison Between Different Modes of Forest Exploitation
Summary: Studies on the diversity of macrofungi in forest ecosystems are hindered by the erratic fruiting behaviour of many species and by disturbances arising in the required long periods of observation. The present study is a first implementation of a comparative approach based on the parallel observation of stands representative of different forest models (oak grove, either seminatural, with agriculture or with herd grazing, pine woods, mixed oak-pine). From the sampling of 94 species during Spring and Autumn 2003 in the Chamusca county, it appeared that the diversity of macrofungi was relatively low in the stands with agriculture or grazing - the latter practically without fruiting by ectomycorrhizal species, which were predominant in all other models. The mixed stands did not present sporophores characteristic of pine, appearing rather as a replicate of the seminatural groves. Most species were not shared between forest models, which suggests that a greater number of stands, in the short run, may allow a more efficient sampling of the existing diversity.

Morgado, L., Martins, L., Gonçalves, H., Oliveira, P., 2006. Estudo de intoxicações causadas por ingestão de macrofungos na região do Alto Alentejo. Actas do VII Congresso Luso-Galaico de Macromicologia, UTAD, Vila Real, 13-15 de Outubro de 2005. Anais da Associação Micológica «A Pantorra» 6:65-74.

Resumo: A presente comunicação relata os primeiros resultados visando o conhecimento de intoxicações com macrofungos (micetismos) no Alto Alentejo, e as suas causas. Como ponto de partida estudaram-se casos classificados como micetismos nos registos do Serviço de Urgência do Hospital do Espírito Santo de Évora. Com base nos processos clínicos, determinaram-se provisoriamente possíveis síndromes de intoxicação, o que teve de complementar-se com a realização de inquéritos junto dos indivíduos atingidos, nos quais se procurou identificar as espécies consumidas e registar outras ocorrências de intoxicação com macrofungos, tal como identificar potenciais informadores. Assim, puderam confirmar-se, esclarecer-se ou mesmo corrigir-se os diagnósticos baseados nos processos clínicos. A maioria das ocorrências analisadas esteve associada ao consumo de Amanita ponderosa Mal. & Heim, e manifestou-se frequentemente com o síndrome falóide, pela ingestão concomitante de A. verna (Bull.:Fr.)Lamark. Os inquéritos permitiram também documentar os hábitos de apanha e consumo de macrofungos.

A Study on Intoxications Caused by Macrofungi in the Alto Alentejo Region
Summary: The present communication reports on the first results aiming at the knowledge on poisoning with macrofungi in Alto Alentejo, and the respective causes. As starting point, cases classified as this type of poisoning, in the Emergency Service of the Espírito Santo Hospital (Évora) archives, were studied. Based on the clinical files, provisional determinations of possible intoxication syndromes were made, and then complemented by enquiries with the patients, from which an identification of the poisoning species was attempted, along with the recording of similar occurrences and possible informants. The diagnoses based on the clinical files could thus be confirmed, clarified or even corrected. Most of the analysed occurrences were associated with the consumption of Amanita ponderosa Mal. & Heim and generally produced the phalloid syndrome through the co-ingestion of A. verna (Bull.:Fr.)Lamark. The enquiries also allowed the recording of customs of collection and consumption of macrofungi in general.

Varela, M. C., Brás, R., Barros, I. R., Oliveira, P., Meierrose, C., 2008. Opportunity for hybridization between two oak species in mixed stands as monitored by the timing and intensity of pollen production. Forest Ecol. Manage. 256: 1546-1551. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.06.049.

The opportunity of cross-pollination in mixed stands of two oak species (cork oak and holm oak) was studied by characterizing individual phenologies of flowering. In the spring of 1998 at one stand consisting of 64 marked trees, there was a period of 19 days when maximal pollen release in one species and stigma receptivity in the other occurred simultaneously, enabling interspecific gene flow in either direction. This happened in spite of an average time separation of 22 days between the two species, reflecting a considerable intraspecific variation in the timings of flowering. Flowering intensities (as estimated from male flower abundance) were high, but fruiting intensities were comparatively low. Shortly after pollination, considerable abortion of female flowers and early fruits was recorded. In 2000, the interspecific overlap of phenologies was drastically reduced due to a delay in cork oak flowering. On the other hand, the individual timings were repeatable for most trees, at least in holm oak. Two other mixed stands were subject of parallel studies, with similar results in all traits except for a less dramatic reduction in fruiting intensities. In spite of the high opportunity for cross-pollination in 1998, and given the lack of hybrids among the progenies from the subsequent fruiting season (Oliveira et al., 2003. For. Gen. 10: 283), it can be concluded that the prerequisite of cross-pollination is clearly insufficient for hybridization to succeed. Post-pollination processes must play an important role in the maintenance of reproductive isolation between the two species.
Keywords: acorn production; cork oak; holm oak; hybridization; phenology of flowering; Quercus ilex ssp. rotundifolia; Q. rotundifolia; Quercus suber.

Oliveira, P. 2009. Intoxicação por ingestão de cogumelos. Medicina Interna 16(4): 257-263.

Resumo: A diversidade de síndromes de intoxicação por ingestão de cogumelos implica, por um lado, uma abordagem ao diagnóstico multifacetada e flexível, que pode beneficiar grandemente de informação colhida junto do paciente ou dos seus acompanhantes e por outro, uma necessidade de identificar, em colaboração com micologistas, a espécie causadora. Faz-se neste artigo uma sistematização das síndromes que se conhecem e propõe-se a implementação de inquéritos detalhados que padronizem a informação. Inclui-se um modelo de formulário que poderá servir de ponto de partida para o desenho desses inquéritos.
Palavras chave: micetismo, intoxicação, cogumelos, inquérito.

Mushroom poisoning
Abstract: The diversity of toxicity syndromes caused by mushroom ingestion entails, on one hand, a many-sided and flexible approach to diagnosis that can benefit from any information obtained from the patients or company, and on the other hand, a need to identify, in collaboration with mycologists, the causative species. The known syndromes are systematised and a proposal is made for the implementation of detailed enquiries that standardise the information. A model form to serve as starting point for the design of such enquiries is included.
Key words: mushroom poisoning, intoxication, mushrooms, enquiry.

Ragonezi C., Klimaszewska K., Castro M. R., Lima M., Oliveira P., Zavattieri M. A. 2010. Adventitious rooting of conifers: influence of physical and chemical factors. Trees 24(6): 975-992.

Abstract: In conifers, vegetative propagation of superior genotypes is the most direct means for making large genetic gains, because it allows a large proportion of genetic diversity to be captured in a single cycle of selection. There are two aims of vegetative propagation, namely large-scale multiplication of select genotypes and production of large numbers of plants from scarce and costly seed that originates from controlled seed orchard pollinations. This can be achieved, in some species, either through rooted cuttings or rooted microshoots, the latter regenerated through tissue culture in vitro. Thus far, both strategies have been used but often achieved limited success mainly because of difficult and inefficient rooting process. In this overview of technology, we focus on the progress in defining the physical and chemical factors that help the conifer cuttings and microshoots to develop adventitious roots. These factors include plant growth regulators, carbohydrates, light quality, temperature and rooting substrates/media as major variables for development of reliable adventitious rooting protocols for different conifer species.

Keywords: Cuttings, Gymnosperms, In vitro culture, Micropropagation, Microshoots

Castro, M.R., Ragonezi, C., Klimaszewska, K., Lima, M., de Oliveira, P. and Zavattieri, M.A. 2010. Mycorrhiza-Like Structures in Rooted Microshoots of Pinus Pinea L. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 865:179-185

Abstract: Pinus pinea L. (stone pine) is one of the major plantation species in Iberian Peninsula, being Portugal the largest edible seed producer in the world. The induction and improvement of in vitro rhizogenesis of microshoots of Pinus pinea was developed in our laboratory using a co-culture system with ECM fungi. In the acclimation phase in mixed substrates, or in rhizotrons, anatomical and morphological studies were done to observe the evolution of the root system in microshoots from the co-culture system vs. control plants. Extensive dichotomous and coralloid branching of lateral roots occurred spontaneously in inoculated and control plants as well. Moreover, similar branching occurred in liquid culture of excised seedling roots without the presence of ECM fungi. The striking similarity of these organs with pine ectomycorrhizas prompted their anatomical analysis; however the presence of Hartig net was not confirmed. These results suggested that the development of ECM-like structures might have occurred spontaneously.

Keywords: ectomycorrhizae, stone pine, rhizotron, adventitious roots, acclimation, biotization

Castro, M. R. C. B., Lopes, C. A. R. G., Oliveira, P. G. L., Zavattieri, M. A., 2012. Sistema e método de cultura de plantas in vitro para análise de metabolitos libertados pelo sistema radicular. Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, PT 105239.

Resumo: O presente invento diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de um sistema e método de cultura in vitro constituído por duas fases, uma sólida e uma líquida, a primeira para suporte da planta e a segunda para permitir a análise do meio circundante das raízes. Este sistema foi desenhado para permitir uma fácil extracção dos compostos metabólicos libertados/difundidos na fase líquida durante o crescimento radicular, de forma a facilitar o seu posterior processamento e caracterização bioquímica. Tendo em conta que um crescimento radicular correcto é um dos factores fundamentais para o posterior fortalecimento e estabelecimento das plantas no campo, a determinação das substâncias bioquímicas responsáveis pelo melhor desempenho da planta poderá conduzir à sua síntese artificial e implementação como aditivo para adubos orgânicos. Tratando-se de um sistema fechado com variáveis conhecidas, este poderá ser aplicado em ensaios com pesticidas, herbicidas e outros produtos similares.

System and method of in vitro plant culture for the analysis of metabolites released by the root system
Abstract: The present invention deals with the development of a system and method of in vitro culture composed of two phases, one solid and one liquid, the first to support the plant and the second to allow analyses of the medium surrounding the roots. This system was designed to allow an easy extraction of metabolic compounds released/diffused into the liquid phase with root growth, in order to facilitate their subsequent processing and biochemical characterization. Given that correct root development is one of the fundamental factors for later plant strengthening and establishment in the field, the identification of the biochemical substances responsible for a better plant performance will allow their artificial synthesis and implementation as additives for fertilisers. Being a closed system with known variables, it can be applied to trials using pesticides, herbicides and similar products.

Keywords: In vitro, Plant micropropagation, Root Growth, Metabolites

Castro M. R. C. B., Ragonezi C., Oliveira P. G. L., Zavattieri M. A. 2019. A Novelty System for Biotization of Plant Microshoots and Collection of Natural Compounds. (Patent summary) Methods and Protoc. 2, 5; doi:10.3390/mps2010005

Abstract: An in vitro plant microshoot culture system composed of two phases; a liquid phase overlaid by a floating solid phase, which is described in detail herein. This system is designed to enable the extraction of natural compounds released/disseminated into the liquid phase during root growth, thus facilitating their processing and biochemical characterization. The solid phase holds the plant afloat and enables the simultaneous culture of a microorganism, yet avoiding its penetration into the liquid phase, where the roots are submerged. Both phases can be independently formulated as required for growth optimization of both organisms. Considering the closed system and known variables described in this patent, applications of the described method include testing with pesticides, herbicides, and other similar products.

Keywords: biotechnology; biotization; chemical analysis; double-phase medium; phenolic compounds; liquid chromatography—diode array detector—mass spectrometry